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Footnotes

[1] Henningfield, J.E., & Benowitz, N.L. (1995).  Cigarettes and addiction.  British Medical Journal, 310, 1082-1083.

[2] http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/menu-tobac.htm

[3] Benowitz, N.L.  (1996).  Pharmacology of nicotine: addiction and therapeutics. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 36, 597-613.

[4] Committee on Passive Smoking, Board of Environmental Studies and Toxicology, National Research Council. (1986). Environmental tobacco smoke: Measuring exposures and assessing health effects. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

[5] Pedreira, FA, Guandolo, VL, & Feroli, EJ. (1985). Involuntary smoking and incidence of respiratory illness during the first year of life. Pediatrics. 75, 594-595.

[6] Guyatt, GH, & Newhouse, MT. (1985). Are active and passive smoking harmful? Determining causation. Chest, 88, 445-451.

[7] Mannino, DM, Klevens, RM, & Flander, WD. (1994). Cigarette smoking: An independent risk factor for impotence. American Journal of Epidemiology, 140, 1003-1008.

[8] Burke, KE. (1990). Facial wrinkles: Prevention and nonsurgical correction. Postgraduate Medicine, 88, 207-208.

[9] Ernster, VL, Grady, D, et al. (1995). Facial wrinkling in men and women, by smoking status. American Journal of Public Health, 85, 78-82.

[10] Grady, D, & Ernster, V. (1992) Does cigarette smoking make you ugly and old? American Journal of Epidemiology, 135, 839-842.

[11] American Lung Association. What are the benefits of quitting smoking? Site accessed 11/1/01. http://www.lungusa.org/tobacco/quit_ben.jtmll.

[12] Kendler KS, Neale MC, MacLean CJ, Heath AC, Eaves LJ, & Kessler RC. (1993). Smoking and major depression: A causal analysis.  Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 36-43.

[13] Borrelli B, Niaura R, Keuthen NJ, Goldstein MG, DePue JD, Murphy C, Abrams DB. (1996) Development of major depressive disorder during smoking-cessation treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry,  57(11), 534-8.

[14] Klesges, R.C., Winders, S.E., et al. (1997).  How much weight gain occurs following smoking cessation? A comparison of weight gain using both continuous and point prevalence abstinence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(2), 286-291.

[15] National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.  Alcohol Alerts.  No. 39: Alcohol and Tobacco.  Site accessed 11/1/01.  http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa39.jtml

[16] Giovino, GA, Henningfield, JE, et al. (1995). Epidemiology of tobacco use and dependence. Epidemiology Review, 17, 48-65.

[17] Perkins, K.A. (2001). Smoking cessation in women. Special considerations.  CNS Drugs, 15, 391-411.

[18] Baird, D.D., & Wilcox, A.J. (1985).  Cigarette smoking associated with delayed conception.  JAMA, 253, 2979 – 2983.

[19] ACOG Technical Bulletin Number 180 - May 1990.  International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 43, 75-81.

[20] DiFranza, J.R., & Lew, R.A. (1995).  Effect of maternal cigarette smoking on pregnancy complications and sudden infant death syndrome.  Journal of Family Practice, 40, 385-394.

[21] Dempsey, D.A., & Benowitz, N.L. (2001).  Risks and benefits of nicotine to aid smoking cessation in pregnancy.  Drug Safety, 24(4), 277-322.

[22] Tobacco Cessation Guideline: Guideline Panel Members. June 2000. U.S. Public Health Service. http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/tobacco/smpanel.jtml

[23] Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence. June 2000. U.S. Public Health Service. http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/
tobacco/treating_tobacco_use.pdf
.

[24] American Psychiatric Association.  (1996). Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with nicotine dependence.  American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 1-31.

[25] National Institute of Drug Abuse.  Research Report Series: Nicotine Addiction.  Site accessed 11/1/01. http://165.112.78.61/
ResearchReports/Nicotine/Nicotine.jtmll


[26] Perkins, K.A. (2001). Smoking cessation in women. Special considerations.  CNS Drugs, 15, 391-411.

Table of Contents
Making the Decision | Getting Ready
Hell Week & Beyond | Staying Quit
Footnotes

Content author: Alan S. Peters, CTTS-M
Reviewed by: Dexter Shurney MD, MBA, MPH, February 2008



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Adolescents appear to be particularly vulnerable to becoming nicotine dependent, especially at low levels of cigarette consumption and when they continue to smoke on a regular daily basis.
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